
Principles for Grantmakers &
Practice Options for Philanthropic Organizations
Governance
This section focuses on the work of an organization's directors/ trustees regarding their responsibilities under the law; how they are selected, trained and compensated; and how they oversee the foundation's charitable purpose.
Options highlighted in bold are required by law.
All other options are voluntary practices that individual
organizations can choose to implement.
BOARD COMPOSITION
| 1. |
We have a designated board of directors or trustees that is responsible for
governing the organization's affairs.
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| 2. |
Board members are elected as outlined in our charter or bylaws, as
applicable.
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| 3. |
If not specified in our charter, we have developed bylaws and/or policies to
establish terms of service for board members and selection criteria. |
| 4. |
When possible, we strive to build an inclusive board by actively recruiting new
board members who reflect the diversity of the communities and constituents we
serve, or who demonstrate the capacity to balance and understand the diverse
needs and issues of those communities and constituents
(see definitions of race/diversity and inclusive practices).
Note: For family foundations that have provisions for outside directors: We pursue diversity and perspectives that can be brought to the foundation from individuals outside the family. |
| 5. |
If we are governed by explicit requirements for board service that
preclude achieving our diversity goals: We employ other appropriate means to
gain diverse perspectives on the board, such as through the use of advisors and
consultants. |
| 6. |
We periodically assess the composition of the board against the organization's
desired goals. |
| 7. |
We have developed and periodically review a leadership succession plan for the
board.
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BOARD FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF CARE,
LOYALTY AND OBEDIENCE
DUTY OF CARE
We have taken steps to ensure that our board members are aware of, fully understand and fulfill their fiduciary duty of care, devoting the time, attention and resources necessary to understand and prudently oversee the organization's affairs.
Mission and Strategy
| 1. |
We have a written mission statement, approved by our board.
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| 2. |
We have a set of guiding values. |
| 3. |
We periodically review our charter and other donor instructions to determine
whether they need to be amended or re-interpreted to meet changing community
needs in ways that reasonably honor the donor's intent. Note: Generally not applicable to corporate foundations. |
| 4. |
We periodically review our grantmaking priorities and objectives to help ensure
that our grantmaking remains relevant and responsive. |
| 5. |
We consider strategies beyond our own grantmaking to advance our mission, such
as:
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Collaborating with other grantmakers or donors that fund similar work. |
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Providing technical assistance to grantees and other charitable nonprofits. |
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Convening community leaders, nonprofits and/or other funders doing similar work. |
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Promoting personal giving and volunteering by our board and staff (bearing in
mind potential conflicts of interest). |
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Engaging in public policy and advocacy on our priority issues and within the
limits of the law. |
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Board Management
| 1. |
Our board members actively participate in governing the organization. |
| 2. |
Our board members ensure that our activities are consistent with our mission. |
| 3. |
We have clearly defined and documented the roles, responsibilities and expected
time commitment of board members, officers and committees (if we have
committees). |
| 4. |
Our board holds regular meetings each year, as frequently as needed to fully and
adequately conduct the business of the organization. |
| 5. |
Written minutes are taken at every board meeting to accurately reflect
discussions and actions taken at meetings. |
| 6. |
Our board members have access to, and general knowledge of, our organization's
books, financial records, history and governing documents. |
| 7. |
Our board members work to protect, preserve, invest and manage our
organization's assets, consistent with donor intent and restrictions. |
| 8. |
We ensure that the organization has a written investment policy adequate for its
size and complexity, which includes investment objectives, asset allocation
strategy, spending and/or payout policy, and rationale for selecting and
evaluating investment managers/advisors |
| 9. |
Our board seeks professional legal and accounting advice when needed to support
compliance. |
| 10. |
We regularly ensure that we have adequate property and liability insurance
coverage. |
| 11. |
We periodically evaluate the performance of the board as a body. |
Board Learning
| 1. |
We plan for and encourage continuous learning and training of our board members,
particularly on basic legal, accounting, audit, tax and fiduciary issues and
responsibilities. |
| 2. |
We provide training and orientation for incoming board members and staff, if we
have staff.
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| 3. |
We continually work toward increasing our awareness and understanding of
multiple cultures in our increasingly diverse communities. |
| 4. |
When feasible, we encourage our board members to participate in regional and/or
national grantmaking conferences, programs, associations or support groups for
ongoing or continuing education and development. |
| 5. |
When appropriate, our board and/or staff consults subject matter experts or
community representatives and/or includes them on committees or advisory groups. |
Donor Intent
| 1. |
Our board members have access to, and general knowledge of, any written
correspondence that details the founding donor's goals and expectations for the
philanthropic organization |
| 2. |
If changing societal conditions and needs make following the donor's specific
instructions impossible, unfeasible or extremely challenging to accomplish, we
thoughtfully assess options and identify alternative program goals that
reasonably honor the donor's intent. |
Staffing
| 1. |
We dedicate sufficient human, financial and technological resources to advance
the mission of the organization. |
| 2. |
If we have staff: We have developed and periodically review a leadership succession plan for the chief executive. |
| 3. |
If we have staff: We seek to employ diverse staff or paid advisors who are representative of the communities in which we work, or individuals who demonstrate the capacity to understand issues and communicate skillfully across cultural, class and other boundaries. |
Evaluation
| 1. |
We periodically evaluate our organization's operations, procedures and
grantmaking, assessing whether they are attaining the goals and objectives
explicit in our mission. |
| 2. |
We use evaluation as an ongoing process of organizational learning. |
| 3. |
We actively involve the communities and constituencies we serve in our
evaluation and organizational learning. |
DUTY OF LOYALTY
We have taken steps to ensure that our board members are aware of, fully understand and fulfill their fiduciary duty of loyalty, setting aside personal or conflicting interests and acting solely in the best interest of the organization when making a decision or acting on behalf of the organization.
Conflicts of Interest
| 1. |
We have a written conflict of interest policy.
Note: The law does not require private foundations to have conflict of interest policies, but it would be difficult to achieve or demonstrate compliance with many provisions of tax law without having such a policy in place. As an indication of the growing importance of having a conflict of interest policy, the IRS has revised its application form for tax-exempt status (Form 1023) to specifically ask whether an applicant has adopted a conflict of interest policy, and if not, to identify steps the organization takes to address conflicts of interest.
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| 2. |
Our board members and staff (if we have staff) review our conflict of interest policy and acknowledge, in writing, that they have done so and understand what constitutes a conflict of interest, as well as our conflict of interest processes and procedures. |
| 3. |
Our board members and staff (if we have staff) complete and submit a conflict of interest disclosure form annually, and update the disclosure form as necessary. |
| 4. |
Our board members and staff (if we have staff) disclose any actual or perceived conflicts of interest. |
DUTY OF OBEDIENCE
We have taken steps to ensure that our board members are aware of, fully understand and fulfill their fiduciary duty of obedience, obeying all state and federal laws pertaining to the organization and acting in furtherance of the organization's charitable purposes.
Self-Dealing
| 1. |
Our board members and managers receive education on self-dealing, understand
disqualified persons and have processes to evaluate potential self-dealing
transactions. |
| 2. |
We do not engage in any self-dealing transactions between the philanthropic
organization and any disqualified persons. |
| 3. |
If we are a corporate foundation: We have not paid the parent company (that
is a substantial contributor to the fund) directly for any resources other than
for reasonable expenses for business services. |
Board Compensation
| 1. |
We expect board or committee members to serve the foundation without
compensation, recognizing:
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Reimbursement of reasonable expenses directly related to board service does not
constitute compensation |
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Board members who perform traditional staff functions may be compensated as
staff. Like all staff, these individuals should be reasonably compensated,
document time spent, and have a job description, performance objectives and
evaluations. |
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| 2. |
If we compensate and/or reimburse board (or committee) members, we have
developed a compensation and reimbursement policy. |
| 3. |
If we have a policy to compensate board (or committee) members for their
service, we have taken steps to ensure that the compensation is reasonable and
not excessive, as defined by law. |
Public Accountability
| 1. |
We demonstrate our commitment to public accountability by annually filing
required tax forms, which provide public disclosure of the operations and
activities of our foundation. |
| 2. |
If we are audited, we make available to the public, upon request and/or in
published annual reports or posted on our websites, our audit statement or
auditor-approved summary of the audit findings. |
Whistleblower Policy
| 1. |
In order to prevent improper activities, we have adopted a whistleblower policy
to encourage good-faith reporting of any suspected violation of law, policy or
practice. The policy ensures a process of action by the organization and
guarantees protection of the reporting individual from retaliatory action. |
FOR COMMUNITY/PUBLIC FOUNDATIONS
ONLY
| 1. |
Our governing body retains variance power by which it may modify a
restriction or condition on the distribution of assets, if circumstances warrant |
| 2. |
The governing body, with respect to assets held in trust, has the power to
replace any participating trustee for breach of fiduciary duty under state law
or for failure to produce a reasonable return of net income. |
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Printable Format (PDF)
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In This Document
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